In music theory we use the word interval when we talk about the pitch difference between two notes. We call them harmonic intervals if two tones sound simultaneously and melodic intervals if they sound successively.
Interval names consist of two parts. Some examples are "major third" and "perfect fifth". In Walter Piston's "Harmony" the two parts are called the specific name and the general name part. Wikipedia talks about interval quality and interval number. I have seen people talking about an interval's numerical size.
You find the general name by counting the steps on the staff, ignoring any accidentals. So if the interval you want to name goes from E to G#, then we count to 3 (E F G) and see that the general name is third.
The specific name tells the exact size of the interval. Unisons, fourths, fifths and octaves can be diminished, pure or augmented. Seconds, thirds, sixths and sevenths can be minor, major, diminished or augmented. A minor interval is one semitone smaller than a major interval. A diminished interval is one semitone smaller than a pure or a minor interval, and an augmented interval is one semitone larger than a pure or major interval.
Kõrgendus- või madaldusmärgid muudavad intervalli suurust. Intervall muutub poole tooni võrra suuremaks kui lisada ülemise noodi ette diees või madalama noodi ette bemoll. Ning poole tooni võrra väiksemaks, kui lisada ülemisele noodile bemoll või alumisele diees. Järgnevates lõikudes käsitletakse intervallide nimetusi ja määramist lähemalt.
Sekundeid on lihtne ära tunda: kaks nooti on noodijoonestikul naabrid. Üks noot on joone peal ning teine joonevahes selle kõrval, väikse sekundi puhul on nad üksteisest poole tooni ja suure sekundi puhul täistooni (kahe pooltooni) kaugusel.
Et õppida määratlema sekundeid, tuleb esmalt õppida, millised sekundid nö valgete nootide vahel esinevad. Nagu näha, Joonis 3.1, on ainult E-F ja H-C väikesed sekundid. Ülejäänud on suured sekundid. Seda võite selgelt näha Joonis 3.1 ka klaveri klahvistikul - E ja F ning H ja C vahel ei ole musti klahve.
Kui sekundi ühe või teise noodi ees on märgid, peab vaatama, kuidas need määravad sekundi suuruse. Määrakem paar intervalli!
We remove the accidental from the interval in Joonis 3.2 and see that the interval F-G is a major second. When we add the flat to the highest tone, the interval becomes one semitone smaller, turning into a minor second.
We remove the accidentals, and see that the interval A-B is a major second. You still remember Joonis 3.1, don't you? Then we add the flat to the A, and the interval becomes an augmented second. And when we add the flat to the B, the interval becomes a major second.
We remove the accidentals, and see that the interval E-F is a minor second. When we add a flat to the lowest tone, the interval becomes one semitone larger, turning into a major second. And when we add a sharp to the highest tone, the interval becomes one semitone larger, turning into an augmented second.
A minor third is one minor and one major second, or three semitones. A major third are two major seconds, or four semitone steps. Joonis 3.5 shows the thirds between all the natural tones. You should memorise the major intervals, C-E, F-A and G-B. Then you know that the other four intervals are minor.
Seejärel tuleks vaadata märke, kas nad muudavad intervalli täpsustavat nime. Seda tehakse täpselt sama moodi nagu sekunditegi puhul.
A pure fourth is 2½ steps, or two major seconds and a minor second. Joonis 3.6 shows all fourths between natural tones. You should memorise that the fourth F-B is augmented, and that the other six are pure.
A pure fifth is 3½ steps, or three major seconds and a minor second. Joonis 3.7 shows all fifths between natural tones. You should remember that all those intervals are pure, except B-F that is diminished.
If an interval has accidentals, then we must examine them to see how they change the size of the interval. A diminished fifth is one semitone smaller than a pure interval, and an augmented fifth is one semitone larger. Below you will find a few examples:
Jooniselt Joonis 3.7 mäeltame, et intervall H-F on vähendatud kivint. Madalama noodi ees on bemoll, mis teeb intervalli pool tooni suuremaks ning seega on tegemist puhta kvindiga.
We know from Joonis 3.7 that interval E-B is a perfect fifth. In Joonis 3.9 the E has a flat in front of it, making the interval augmented. But then the B is preceded by a double flat that makes the interval two semitone steps smaller and changes the interval to a diminished fifth.
Sixths are easiest identified by inverting the interval and identifying the third. Then the following rule applies:
Kui terts on vähendatud, on sekst suurendatud.
Kui terts on väike, on sekst suur.
Kui terts on suur, on sekst väike.
Kui terts on suurendatud, siis sekst on vähendatud.
Kui intervallide pööramine tundub teile raske, võib meelde jätta, et sekstid E-C, A-F ja B-G on väiksed. Ülejäänud neli on suured. Seejärel tuleb uurida märke, kas need muudavad intervalli täpsustavad nime. Seda tehakse täpselt sama moodi nagu sekunditegi puhul.
Septimeid määratakse sama moodi nagu sekste. Septimi pöördintervall on sekund.
Kui intervallide pööramine tundub teile raske, võib meelde jätta, C-H ja F-E on suured septimid. Ülejäänud viis on väiksesed septimid. Seejärel tuleb uurida märke, kas need muudavad intervalli täpsustavad nime. Seda tehakse täpselt sama moodi nagu sekunditegi puhul.